Cold Atmospheric Plasma as an Adjunct to Immunotherapy for Glioblastoma Multiforme.

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common and aggressive form of brain cancer in adults. GBM carries a dismal prognosis because of its proliferative, invasive, and angiogenic capabilities and because of its ability to downregulate the immune system. Immune-based therapies under investigation for GBM have been unsuccessful in vivo because of this downregulation. Cold atmospheric plasma (CAP) is a high-energy state of matter that can be applied directly or indirectly to tumor tissue to serve as an adjunct to immunotherapy in the treatment of GBM because it upregulates the immune system by the induction of reactive oxygen species. CAP has the potential to improve the efficacy of existing and investigative immunotherapies for GBM.